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Smoking and its effect on scar healing
A. E. K. Deliaert, E. Van den Kerckhove, S. Tuinder, S. M. J. S. Noordzij, T. S. DormaaretR. R. W. J. van der Hulst
European Journal of Plastic Surgery Volume 35, Number 6 (2012), 421-424,

Scar formation is influenced by several factors such as wound infection, tension, wound depth and anatomical localization. Hypertrophic scarring is often the result of an imbalance in the wound and scar healing process. The exact underlying pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. Smoking has a higher risk of postoperative complications probably due to a diminished macrophage induction. Following our clinical impression that smokers without postoperative wound infections show esthetically better scars, we evaluated the scars after a reduction mammaplasty in smoking and nonsmoking patients in a prospective clinical trial. Between July 2006 and September 2007, 13 smokers and 30 non smokers with a reduction mammaplasty were included. They were recruited from Viecuri Medical Centre and Atrium Medical Centre in the Netherlands after written consent. Surgical data and data of the patients’ condition were collected. Follow-up for erythema values of the scars was done with a colorimeter (The Minolta CR-300, Minolta Camera Co., Ltd., Osaka Japan) at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months postoperatively on four standardized postsurgical sites. ANOVA and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. In the smoking group, the scars were significantly less red compared to the nonsmoking group. No significant differences were found in BMI, resection weight and drain production between both groups. Although smoking is certainly not recommended as a preventive therapy to influence scar healing, this study confirms our assumption that smokers tend to have faster and less erythemateous scar healing to nonsmokers. Further research is needed to understand the mechanism of the effect of smoking on scars.

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Weight gain increases human aromatase expression in mammary gland
Dong Chen, Hong Zhao, John S. Coon V, Masanori Ono, Elizabeth K. Pearson, Serdar E. Bulun

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Volume 355, Issue 1, 15 May 2012, Pages 114–120

Adulthood weight gain predicts estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Because local estrogen excess in the breast likely contributes to cancer development, and aromatase is the key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, we investigated the role of local aromatase expression in weight gain-associated breast cancer risk in a humanized aromatase (Aromhum) mouse model containing the coding region and the 5′-regulatory region of the human aromatase gene. Compared with littermates on normal chow, female Aromhum mice on a high fat diet gained more weight, and had a larger mammary gland mass with elevated total human aromatase mRNA levels via promoters I.4 and II associated with increased levels of their regulators TNFα and C/EBPβ. There was no difference in total human aromatase mRNA levels in gonadal white adipose tissue. Our data suggest that diet-induced weight gain preferentially stimulates local aromatase expression in the breast, which may lead to local estrogen excess and breast cancer risk.

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Voici un lien pour plus de recherches gratuites sur les gynéco afin d’approfondir le sujet
Gynéco

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Effects of a hypercaloric diet on β-cell responsivity in lean healthy men
Myrte Brands   Clinical Endocrinology

Objective
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia precede the onset of obesity-induced DM2. The early adaptation of the β-cell during the initial phase of overfeeding and weight gain has only been partly elucidated. We studied the early changes in insulin clearance and β-cell responsivity during a positive and negative energy balance in lean healthy subjects.
Design
We studied in 9 healthy lean men (age 37 [27-43] years and BMI 23.6 [20.6-25.6] kg/m2), insulin sensitivity, insulin clearance, insulin secretion and static and dynamic β-cell responsivity at baseline and after the hypercaloric and subsequent hypocaloric diet.

Results
Participants gained 7 [5.1-7.6]% of their initial body weight on the hypercaloric diet. Compared to baseline, insulin sensitivity and insulin clearance decreased, while glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was higher. The GLP-1 response to oral glucose did not change. The dynamic β-cell responsivity index increased but the basal and static responsivity indices did not change. Total and static disposition indexes in the hypercaloric state showed a trend towards a decrease.

During the hypocaloric diet, insulin sensitivity, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin clearance returned to baseline. The responsivity and the disposition indexes were not different in the hypocaloric phase compared to baseline.

Conclusion
A positive energy balance resulting in weight gain in lean men induces hyperinsulinemia, which is explained by a combined effect on insulin clearance and insulin secretion. Increased insulin secretion was related to insulin resistance-induced higher glucose concentrations but also to increased dynamic β cell responsivity. Glucose sensitivity of the β-cell did not change. These early adaptations are completely reversible during a negative energy balance after loss of the gained weight.

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The effects of acute alcohol consumption on recovery from a simulated rugby match
Journal of Sports Sciences Volume 30, Issue 3, 2012

In this study, we investigated the effects of acute post-exercise alcohol consumption on measures of physical performance, creatine kinase, and immunoendocrine function in the 48 h following a rugby game simulation. Ten male senior rugby union players completed a rugby game simulation after which they consumed either 1 g of alcohol per kilogram of body mass or a non-alcoholic control beverage. Agility, 15 m sprint, countermovement jump, and srummaging performance were assessed pre-simulation and 24 and 48 h post-simulation. White blood cell count, testosterone, cortisol, and creatine kinase were measured before the simulation and 30 min, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after the simulation. One week after the first trial, participants completed the second simulation after which the other beverage was consumed. The acute consumption of alcohol after a rugby game simulation negatively affected countermovement jump performance in the days following the simulation (P = 0.028). No differences between treatments were observed for the other criterion measures made in this study. In conclusion, after 80 min of a simulated rugby game, the consumption of 1 g of alcohol per kg body mass negatively impacts lower body vertical power output. However, performance of tasks requiring repeated maximal muscular effort is not affected.

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Effet de l’huile fixe de la nigelle (Nigella sativa L.) sur le profil des androgènes chez le rat male
  Phytothérapie Volume 9, Number 6, 338-342,
M. El Khasmi, A. Issaoub Allah, M. Farh, F. Riad, A. Safwate, N. El Abbadi and E. H. Tahri

Les extraits des graines de la nigelle sont largement utilisés dans la médecine traditionnelle. Nous avons étudié l’effet de l’huile fixe de la nigelle sur les taux plasmatiques de la testostérone (T), de l’hormone folliculostimulante (FSH), de l’hormone lutéinisante (LH) et sur le poids corporel et celui des organes reproducteurs chez le rat. Vingt rats mâles ont été divisés en deux groupes de dix: le groupe témoin et celui traité avec l’huile de la nigelle (0,5 ml/kg) par voie intrapéritonéale pendant 30 jours. Nos résultats ont montré que l’huile de la nigelle augmente significativement la masse des organes reproducteurs et les concentrations plasmatiques de la T, de la FSH et de la LH comparativement aux animaux témoins (p < 0,05). L’induction de la stéroïdogenèse observée pourrait être médiée par une activation de l’axe hypothalamohypophysogonadique.

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Pycnogeno supplementation improves cognitive function, attention and mental performance in students
Panminerva Med, 2011 Sept; 53(3 Suppl 1): 75-82.

In a study involving 53 healthy university students between the ages of 18 and 27 years, supplementation with French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol(R)) for a period of 8 weeks was found to be associated with statistically significant improvements in cognitive function, specifically, improved sustained attention, memory, executive functions and mood ratings, as compared to controls who were not given Pycnogenol(R). The students were given university examinations, and results found that in those given Pycnogenol(R), students failed 7 tests out of 112 (6.25%), as compared to controls who failed 9 tests out of 84 (10.71%), and the average test score among those given Pycnogenol(R) was 26.1 as compared to 23.81 in controls. The authors conclude, “This study indicates a role for Pycnogenol to improve cognitive function in normal students.”

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