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Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print] Fr Schröder H, Gebhardt W, Thevis M.
]]>Municipal wastewater has been examined for steroids, beta(2)-agonists, stimulants, diuretics, and phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors (PDE type V inhibitors), which are “dual-use-drugs” applied either as anabolic, doping, and lifestyle drugs or for treatment of diverse diseases. To identify their origin, fitness centre discharges under suspicion of being point sources and sewage-treatment plant feed and effluents were sampled and concentrations determined. Sensitive and selective methods for determination and quantification based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-(HR)MS and HPLC-MS-MS) were developed and established for analysis of these compounds in wastewater and to assess their effect on the environment. The methods developed enabled quantification at trace concentrations (limit of quantification (LOQ): 5 ng L(-1)). Of the steroids and stimulants under investigation, testosterone, methyltestosterone, and boldenone or ephedrine, amphetamine, and MDMA (3,4-methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamine) were observed at up to 5 mug L(-1) (ephedrine). Of the beta(2)-agonists salbutamol only, and of the diuretics furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide were confirmed in the extracts.
Quite high concentrations of the PDE type V inhibitors sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil and their metabolites were confirmed in fitness centre discharges (sildenafil: 1,945 ng L(-1)) whereas their concentrations in municipal wastewater did not exceed 35 ng L(-1).
This study identified anabolic and doping drugs in wastewater for the first time. Results obtained from wastewater treatment plant effluents proved that these “dual-use-drugs”, with the exception of hydrochlorothiazide, were mostly eliminated.
Haskell CF, Robertson B, et al, Hum Psychopharmacol, 2010 Aug; 25(6): 448-61.
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study involving 216 females between the ages of 25 and 50 years of age, supplementation with a multivitamin/multimineral (Supradyn®) for a period of 9 weeks was found to have beneficial effects. Prior to intervention, and then again 9 weeks after the intervention commenced, subjects completed a four-module version of the Multi-Tasking Framework, and cognitive function and the modulation of task-related mood/fatigue were assessed during 2 discrete 20 minute assessment periods. A significant attenuation of the adverse effects of extended task completion on mood/fatigue was found among subjects in the multivitamin/multimineral group. Moreover, improved speed and accuracy in multi-task performance was also found among subjects taking the supplements. A subgroup (n=102) of subjects were found to have significant reductions in levels of homocysteine following supplementation. The authors conclude, “These findings suggest that healthy members of the general population may benefit from augmented levels of vitamins/minerals via direct dietary supplementation.”
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Roll S, Nocon M, et al, Br J Nutr, 2010 Aug 23; 1-5; [Epub ahead of print].
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 529 healthcare professionals (nursing staff, 80% female, mean age: 40 years), supplementation with an encapsulated juice powder concentrate (4 capsules) for a period of 8 months was found to be associated with a 20% reduction in moderate or severe common cold symptom days. Subjects who received the supplementation had a mean 7.6 days of moderate or severe common cold symptoms, as compared to 9.5 days in the placebo group. The authors conclude, “Intake of a dietary supplement from fruits and vegetables was associated with a 20 % reduction of moderate or severe common cold symptom days in healthcare professionals particularly exposed to patient contact.”
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